Causes of Corruption in Public Sector Case Study @Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Set up an exploration proposition utilizing fitting announcing shows and referencing. In your proposition you are required to choose and legitimize a subject for research pertinent to your MSc program. Your proposition ought to incorporate an audit of current writing and a conversation of your decision of technique. Answer: Dynamic The article named Causes of Corruption in Public Sector has concentrated on the facilitators that bring about defilement. The issue has become an issue of monetary and political hugeness. Wrongdoing has been expanding relentlessly and prompted the decrease of honorability in the open division. The article audits the idea and reasons for defilement in open division. Individual perceptions and information are used to clarify defilement rehearses in the open area as a result of generally safe high advantages, cultural weight, and a couple of different components. Presentation and Background Prologue to the Study The point of this examination is to characterize and address the reasons for defilement that is prompting worldwide effects. Debasement majorly affects the political and monetary framework that influences investment and portrayal in the general public. It ought to be noticed that defilement has been pervasive for quite a long time. By and by, it has been developing forcefully in the worldwide world. The examination means to address the variables that cause debasement in open area. Debasement influences lives of individuals at all grounds, as there are individuals who exploit their positions. Defilement is an exploitative practice that is drilled by authorities for their private advantages. There is a need to address the reasons for such debasement . Foundation and Significance of the Study The explanation behind picking this as a subject of exploration is to quantify the effect of defilement on open. This paper would help the associations in helping with the destruction of such practices. The exploration is embraced for having an understanding to a more extensive scope of orders and likely use of moral practices. The exploration could serve avoidance of degenerate practices in the open segment if the facilitators or empowering agents are tended to. There are diverse easygoing arrangements and logical elements that add to defilement. With the examination of those elements, moral practices can be confined, and open can expand their ethical confidence on open division associations. Improvement of information can help in building up a preventive technique for against defilement . Examination Questions/Hypothesis Each nation is positioned on The Transparency International record that decides the degree of defilement rehearsed by a specific nation or economy. These rankings are based by a few models, for example, misappropriation of open assets, pay off to community workers, the viability of hostile to debasement endeavors and cuts in government obtainment. The position for each nation uncovers the absence of responsibility from government employees, an expansion in practices and negative changes in the open area . The principle research question for this bit of work is recognized as- What are the components that cause debasement in the open area? With the recognizable proof of facilitators or empowering influences of open part defilement, change measures can be offered for diminishing the pace of debasement in open division. There is trust that these variables can help in settling the high paces of corruptive practices for making the open part progressively proficient and compelling. There are other auxiliary inquiries that are replied in the report- What are the various types of defilement in the open part? What are the impacts of defilement in the open area? Why would that be a need to take preventive measures against debasement in the open area? These auxiliary inquiries help in noting the effects or sick impacts of defilement in open area. These elements help would in actuating and appearing the criticalness of hostile to corruptive approaches and strategies. Theory 1-There is a positive connection among defilement and nation hazard in the market. It is additionally accepted that there is an immediate and positive connection among defilement and nation hazard. Open parts are intended to serve people in general. The authorities are community workers. Beginning with a couple of degenerate practices, it frames a tricky slant where individuals neglect to comprehend the distinction among moral and unscrupulous practices. These practices gradually form into a log jam of monetary, political and social structures. With each expansion in defilement, the danger of nation increments and the other way around . Points and Objectives of the Study The principle points and destinations of this investigation are triple expressed as under- To investigate the reasons for defilement in the open division. To address the issues or likely dangers because of open division debasement To offer a base for taking preventive measures for corruptive practices. The paper helps in the integrating writing on debasement by surveying political, monetary and social conditions. The investigation additionally helps in recognizing proof that debasement exists in budgetary, social and monetary parts. It is imperative to feature the reasons for debasement in the open division since open administrations are indispensable to the development of each nation. The jobs and duties of each open authority are basic as they make or ruin organization of the nation. This review speaks to an absence of responsibility from authorities that are not cruelly punished helping them in escaping without any problem. Methodological Approach This investigation is a writing audit with methodical standards and surveys for an increasingly adaptable information examination technique. Information is gathered from essential sources, for example, talking and surveys. The optional sources are likewise utilized, for example, diaries, paper articles, and other applicable scholarly sources. The information in these sources are gathered from either inward or outside sources. Quantitative information is gathered for demonstrating the expansion in corruptive practices. Confinements of the Study For this paper, there were confinements of reality. Since there was restricted time, online overviews and reports must be thought of and not take the nearby individuals who are casualties of defilement. While the report and studies have added to the comprehension of corruptive practices and its causes, the greatest constraint lies in estimating debasement through discernment files. The causal impacts of corruptive practices are additionally hard to distinguish that has a danger of predispositions. The report neglects to concentrate on the powers over government authorities that occasionally cause them to do as such. The dangers by some other individual with a criminal foundation that must be looked by government authorities are disregarded. Meaning of Terms Defilement It is a type of exploitative or unscrupulous lead by an individual for procuring individual advantage. The individual is depended with his capacity or position that is exploited, for individual additions. It is the utilization of genuine forces for ill-conceived private advantages (Doig and Theobald 2013). Administration An association made of a few divisions or offices controlled by many individuals is organization. The regulatory body with non-elective authorities who outline approaches are individuals from the organization. The authorities who create the organization are known as officials (Adler 2012). Writing Review As indicated by Jose Ugaz, Chairman of Transparency International, Nations at the base need to receive radical enemy of debasement quantifies for their kin. Nations at the highest point of the list should ensure they don't send out degenerate practices to immature nations (Transparency.org, 2016). In writing, there are differentiations made between reasons for defilement identifying with pay rates, working conditions, and odds of degenerate practice event. There are degrees of debasement, for example, exceptionally degenerate or less degenerate authority. Debasement is the abuse of open position or force for an undue bit of leeway for self or others. There are a few occurrences that contribute or structure together as corruptive practices. A couple of models or structures are misrepresentation, pay off, theft, and blackmail, trading products for data or cash, distorting the courtroom and exchanging impact. These degenerate behaviors can happen through unlawful activities of authorities in the open segment for endeavoring unseemly elements of the administration area. Certain wrongdoing bunches look for help or backing from open division authorities for accessing open assets, insurance, data and different administrations that add to crimes. Such exercises seriously affect the en terprises, government, and national security. These composed wrongdoings typically have numerous outcomes as there is a danger of connections between the open segment and wrongdoing gatherings. It is trying to distinguish and explore the wellspring of debasement as there is common assent between the two included people. Henceforth, it is hard to follow the degenerate individual (Nur-tegin and Czap 2012). There are six hypotheses that are identified with reasons for debasement. Open Choice Theory The hypothesis was created by Gordon Tullock and James Buchanan, who clarify the premise of settling on open choices. The causal chain is connected with an individual creation a sane choice for a foreordained result. The individual creation the choice is calculative as he chooses to act corruptly in light of the fact that he distinguishes the quantity of additions to him would recognize the drawbacks. There are circumstances where the possible advantages because of defilement are more prominent than the likely hindrances or expenses (Dunleavy 2014). Trust assumes a significant job in the hypothesis as there are less odds of getting captured. The contention applies to a specific circumstance and not for general deciding variables. The hypothesis doesn't represent activating sources inside a specific circumstance. This hypothesis for the most part includes the communication of government officials, vot

Buddha and his sermon :: essays research papers

     Hindu Kshatriya, who was cautioned by â€Å"Brahman soothsayers†, let his child venture out from home to live among the searchers of the woodland. His child was Gotama Siddhartha, referred to most students of history as Buddha. What is supposed to be Buddha’s first message was conveyed quickly after his illumination. The lesson contains what in the long run turns into the lifestyle for individuals who follow the Buddhist religion; the four honorable facts, the eightfold way, and the center way. Since Siddhartha was so protected from the real world, he set out on an excursion to discover where he would fit in his life, and through this he turned out to be amazingly edified.      Siddhartha addressed numerous things on his day by day undertakings in the recreation center. Why individuals matured, why individuals kicked the bucket, why some sought after strict convictions, and why ailment fell on specific individuals. He asked himself what these individuals have done to merit these things. The raja didn't care for the way that his child was feeling distress for these individuals. From that point on he ensured that Siddhartha was encircled with just happy sights. The raja assumed if he continued seeing these things, he could never need to turn into a ruler. All through this story it appeared as if Siddhartha lived, until this point, an exceptionally unreasonable life. (Reilly, 164)      In Siddhartha’s venture he saw a man with a yellow robe, and no hair. The charioteer disclosed to him that he was an exceptionally strict man and esteemed everything throughout everyday life. He at that point returned home and shaved off the entirety of his hair and wore a yellow robe. (Reilly, 171) The individuals were shocked that the sovereign took these activities, and thought it was absurd; in light of the fact that by doing these things didn't make him strict. Siddhartha got known as Gotama the Bodhisat. All he needed was to discover a path for individuals to get away from their sufferings and disasters. Siddhartha at that point began getting edified on his excursion to get strict.      The genuine importance of Buddhist idea included the accompanying; four respectable realities, the eightfold way and the center way. The four honorable facts contained four articulations of rationale. Expressing that life is distress, distress is the consequence of narrow minded want, egotistical want can be annihilated, and it tends to be crushed by following the eightfold way. The eightfold way is eight stages to a quiet brain. The eight stages included right perspectives, right purpose, right discourse, right direct, right business, right exertion, right care, and right focus.

A List of Interesting Essay Topics

A List of Interesting Essay TopicsList of interesting essay topics is a collection of interesting topics that are being used by students, teachers and other educational workers. These topics are listed by category so that it becomes easier for the students to find one that interests them. The topics of interest range from traditional topics like history, biology, mathematics and the humanities to more modern subjects like computer technology, internet, politics and economics.One of the best features of list of interesting essay topics is that all these topics are for free. These topics are given to us free of cost and we have to use them. If we find a topic that we want to use for our assignments, we can go through the list of interesting topics and pick the one that best matches our requirements. The list will be of no use unless the students use them in their assignments.Now, what makes an interesting topic? One must be familiar with certain details about the subject matter. This m akes the topic interesting topics are much sought after. Students know how to use the list of interesting topics when they use it.There are many online sources where students can find the list of interesting topics. Some sites also provide relevant information for those who wish to know the various subjects on the list. These sites can help students even if they do not have access to a library.One thing that the list of interesting topics cannot do is answer a student's question. Therefore, students should be prepared to research the topic thoroughly before they use the list. However, this is a good way to learn the subject matter.The websites also provide videos and audio clips where one can listen to the topics and try to understand them better. It also helps the students use these as an example or a mirror. Before they make use of the list of interesting topics, students should be aware of the kind of topics that are covered in each lesson and the form that they are presented in. They should be aware of how they would adapt the topics.List of interesting topics can also be used as reference guides. The students can choose from the list the topic that is best suited for their project and use it in their assignments. With the inclusion of an essay, the students can apply the ideas that they have learned from the audio and video clips to solve the assignment.List of interesting topics can be of help not only to the students but also to the teachers. These essays help to improve the knowledge of the student. One can easily relate these ideas to the topic in their studies.

The New World During The 19th Century Essay - 1607 Words

Before labor become modernized, it was a means to construct the New World during its formation in the late fifteenth century. After Christopher Columbus and the Spaniards discovered what would now be called the Americas, the use of labor became intensely racialized during the centuries to follow. This foreign land became a new territory in which the Europeans believed they could control to gain wealth and power. The manpower used to construct the European settlements included certain forms of coerced and forced labor, which included white indentured servants, Native Americans and African slaves. Native Americans would resist often with fierce aggression against the white settlers and indentured servitude would diminish after wealthy colonists succeeded in breaking ties between white and black laborers. The English colonists would need large amounts of labor to produce high volumes of agriculture that was created by the tobacco and farming industries. It resulted in the increased trad e and use African slaves becoming the permanent form of labor because they were viewed as the cheapest and disposable form of labor. Africans became disadvantaged because their skin color meant they were seen as inferior or as property to own and gave motive to the Europeans to conquer them. In the eyes of Western Europe, being black was equal to being a slave which allowed the formation of an African based slavery and would become engrained in America’s history. More specifically, interracialShow MoreRelated19th and 20th Century of Europe932 Words   |  4 PagesEurope in the 19th and 20th centuries Introduction During the 19th and 20th century, Europe witnessed its so-called demographic transition, with a fall in birth rates and an even greater fall in mortality rates, which led to a rapid increase in the population. The demographic transition was essentially a result of a decrease in chronic infectious diseases like tuberculosis, syphilis, diphtheria, measles, dysentery, and typhoid fever. The wage dispersion evidence suggests that the middle ofRead MoreScience And Its Effect On Society During The 19th Century916 Words   |  4 PagesThe â€Å"long† 19th century lasted around 125 years, and throughout this time period many things changed for the good and for the bad. However, each state and country faced different things that would affect their government and lifestyles for quite a while. Some of these could be considered a gain for the common citizens but they could also result in a loss for others. People had a tendency to overlook all the good and focus on the bad, which caused them to be oblivious to all the good progressionsRead MoreThe Epidemic Of Smallpox Vaccine943 Words   |  4 PagesIn the 21th century we live our lives day to day seeing the next medicine breakthrough. It is easy for us to assume that’s how the history of medicine has always been. On the contrary, medicine became positively modern in the 19th century, new inventions were intr oduced, new discoveries were brought to their attention, remedies was in the spotlight, and the start of women’s professions generated. Vaccines are the most successful strategies in medicine to prevent and even eliminate the most gruesomeRead MoreThe Social Conditions Of The 19th Century Essay1320 Words   |  6 PagesImagine living in the 19th century while the world is experiencing major social and economic changes following the French and Industrial Revolutions. These world changing events are mostly causing plagues for the working class. These 19th century conditions cause the people to revolt against the social reforms of the existing world and reveal the need for a new social structure. The newly emerging Industrial revolution results in a shift within economic classes, which are the bourgeoisie and proletariatRead MoreNegative Effects Of Industrialization701 Words   |  3 PagesDuring the late 19th and all of the 20th century many events took place affecting the current situation our world is facing today.   The broad term, industrialization, refers to the development of goods produced by machinery and the discovery of new energy resources.   Industrialization had many positive and negative effects on the citizens of the world during these two centuries.   The events under industrialization could be said to have fallen victim to the â€Å"snowball effect† and been a cause of theRead MorePerfect Domestic Wives1069 Words   |  4 Pagesand freedom of women in the 19th century are the main themes in Henrik Ibsen’s â€Å"A Doll’s House.† The movement for women’s rights succeeded in Norway shortly after this time period. However, during the 19th century, Norway experienced peace which led to a concentration on the arts and theatre. New makeup and sets were brought into the theatre. Plays like â€Å"A Doll’s House† by Henrik Ibsen epitomized the new age of theatre, realism, in the 19th century. During the 19th century, Norway had resolved warsRead MoreEurope Witnessed Revolutions Essay786 Words   |  4 PagesThrough out the course of the 19th century, Europe witnessed revolutions, radical political changes, and industrial advancements, which had an impact on shaping the art and culture of this time. By examining literature, art, and cultural changes of the 19th century, historians can provide a different perspective of the events that took place. At the start of the 19th century, Napoleon was defeated along with his militaristic agenda, and Europe now entered many new phases of social reform. IndustrializationRead MoreWomen and Work in the 19th Century Essay920 Words   |  4 PagesDuring the 19th century, change was in the air. Industrialization, involving the movement of labor and resources away from agriculture and toward manufacturing and commercial industries, was in progress. As a result, thousands of women were moving from the domestic life to the industrial world. During the 19th century, the family economy was replaced by a new patriarchy which saw women moving from the small, safe world of family workshops or home-based businesses to larger scale sweatshops and factoriesRead MoreEssay about 19th Century Art1240 Words   |  5 Pages19th Century Art During the 19th century, a great number of revolutionary changes altered forever the face of art and those that produced it. Compared to earlier artistic periods, the art produced in the 19th century was a mixture of restlessness, obsession with progress and novelty, and a ceaseless questioning, testing and challenging of all authority. Old certainties about art gave way to new ones and all traditional values, systems and institutions were subjected to relentless critical analysisRead MoreWhy Did Slave Trading Intensify in Nineteenth-Century East Africa?1103 Words   |  5 PagesDuring the 19th century the East Africa was marked by the sadness event of slave trading in response to larger demanding markets. For a long time the exportation of slaves was made through the Red Sea and Indian Ocean to supply the Muslin world. However there was a greatly expansion of slave trades to the Atlantic ocean during 19th century. The slave trading increase during the 19th century due to the fact that the exportation of slaves was a profitable business, more than five times the export of

Zameer Communication Profile Essay - 1875 Words

Ravishu Bawa Student ID: 215356346 1 | P a g e Communication Profile Communication profiles aim to help the people with special needs to adjust to the society. Functioning and disability may be characterized as a dynamic interaction between a person s health condition and their contextual factors (Howe, 2008). Such factors reflect the person’s background and way of life, including two components: environmental and personal factors (Howe, 2008). This essay identifies personal and environmental factors which are relevant for Zameer, who suffers from Fragile X syndrome. It also investigates legal factors in the context of discrimination of the people with autism. The essay aims to provide strategies for improved†¦show more content†¦There is a connection between the production of FMRP, language problems, and the neural functioning of the people with FXS (Abbeduto Hagerman, 1997). As for Zameer’s body function, there are issues in his conversational speech. He omits, alters, and mixes vowels and consonants, which is characteristic of FXS sufferers (Abbeduto Hagerman, 1997). He repeats sounds and syllables at high rates, stutters, and has difficulty repeating multisyllabic sequences. However, the boy is capable of repeating isolated sounds and words (Abbeduto Hagerman, 1997). Speech difficulties negatively affect Zameer’s ability to interact with the society, creating environmental barriers for him. The boy cannot speak well, which is why he cannot communicate with his peers and other people. He requires a special attitude from each member of the society to fulfill his special needs (Scope’s Communication Inclusion Resource Centre, 2015). Nevertheless, not all people are aware of the correct methods that should be used while interacting with a FXS sufferer. Therefore, there is a constant risk of misunderstanding and rejection on behalf of the society, especially given that Zameer is a foreigner. He is not able to equally participate in his peers’ games, consistently accomplish daily routines, and fully share

Choices Essay - 985 Words

Individual choices change from time to time, but certain choices change the individual life and everything around it. In this book the characters make choices that will change their lives forever. One of the important choices in the book is Matilda’s choice to leave the island. Also, Mr. Watts’ choice to leave the white world and live on an island with his black wife (Grace), where he is the only white person, his choice is an important choice that changes many people lives including Matilda’s. Matilda is a thirteen years old girl who lives with her mother (Dolores) after her father left to work in Australia in Townsville. She makes a choice in the end of the book that changes her life forever. After her mothers and Mr. Watts’ death she†¦show more content†¦He left his wife and married Grace and decides to leave his home and come to an island where he is the only white person. â€Å"For the young kids the sight consisted only of a white man towing a black woman.†(P.2)Said Lloyd Jones in the beginning of the book describing how the black kids looking at Mr. Watts. His choice was a result from his knowledge, from reading books. When he fell in love with Grace he did not care what color her skin is, or what language she speaks. That was his choice to be with a black woman and live with her around her people. Likewise, Pop eye told the redskins that he was Pip, which made everyone on the island surprise. He chooses to be Pip to save the rest of the people on the island. The redskins killed Mr. Watts because he claimed to be Pip and none of the redskins knew that e was lying to them. But after Pop eye’s death the person who had problems with him stood up for him. Even though he was already dead, Dolores, Matilda’s mother said â€Å"Sir, I saw your men chop up the white man. He was a good man. I am here as God’s witness.†(P.205)Her braveness caused her life. Matilda’s choice demonstrates her values and it impacts the community around her. She knew that she had to survive for her father. Her choice showed the rest of the people on the island that she did not give up, and give them hope not to forget who they are. Also, not to forget that they’re human being who have the same rights as theShow MoreRelatedChoices Commercial871 Words   |  4 PagesThe Nutrigrain Choices commercial begins with a woman getting off the subway and moves to her working in her office. The screen splits and two scenarios are set forward: one where she chose to eat a Nutrigrain bar on the left and the other where she chose a donut on the right. There is a voice-over about one decision leading to another. The woman on the left is shown eating a burrito, brownie, and pasta as the commercial continues. On the right, we see her choosing a salad, a cup of fruit, and vegetablesRead MoreThe Paradox of Choice1827 Words   |  8 Pagesit better when you have more choices or when you have fewer choices? Most people would answer more choices as they would feel less limited because it is common to associate having more choices with having more freedom and having more freedom with having more welfare. In fact, this is not always correct as you may not have enough knowledge to know which may be the most beneficial to you in the long run. This is turn relates to what is best known as the paradox of choice because we may think we haveRead MoreThe Paradox of Choice Essay1705 Words   |  7 Pagesevery day they encounter numerous choices. The way they decide and the outcomes of their decisions define their lives. Their day to day life essentially revolves around the choices they make. As a whole, a community benefits or suffers from the outcomes of its choices. Freedom of choice is the grant to an individual or community to make its own choices out of free will and without restrictions (Pereboom,2003). This is essay will discuss that though fr eedom choice leads to variety in life, it doesRead MoreChoices and Consequences in â€Å"aP†749 Words   |  3 PagesChoices and Consequences In â€Å"AP†, the author John Updike demonstrates the importance of choices and their consequences. It is important that someone considers everything that could occur before making a decision. Updike uses the characters of Sammy, the three girls in bathing suits, and Lengel in the story to show how important it is to carefully contemplate the consequences of their choices. All of the main characters in the story make a choice and must endure the consequences. Sammy, the cashierRead MoreFree Will And Free Choice1122 Words   |  5 Pagesday to come. The freedom you have always known permitted the choice, your free will grants you this privilege. Or does it? Free will is a false concept often confused with free choice. Free will does not truly exist, the limitations set by nature and the influence of other people hinder the ability to choose without the impact of past experiences. As Barbara Smoker, a British Humanist activist and freethought advocate stated, â€Å"Free choice means you are not forced by other people or what is outsideRead MoreConsumer Society and Choice1317 Words   |  6 Pages 2009). As our relationship with consumerism has changed so too have the choices available of why, when, where and how we consume. The first part of this assignment will look at the characteristics of a consumer society, the choices available and identify the divisions created from unequal choices. The second part will consider the role of the Big four supermarkets (TESCO, Asda, Sainsbury and Morrison’s) in providing choice to people. The term consumer society goes beyond the mere act of shoppingRead MoreChoices In The Giver, By Lois Lowry1243 Words   |  5 PagesLife is a matter of choices, and every choice you make makes you. – John C. Maxwell. In the novel The Giver, Lois Lowry shows the reader how choices in life are important, and should be made by us, not for us. Lowry uses characters such as Jonas and the giver to illustrate how choices should be made by us. She uses other characters such as Jonass father to reflect how people are often blinded by the standards of society and do not realize they can actually make their own choices. With these charactersRead MoreEssay on Choices in the Epic of Gilgamesh1308 Words   |  6 PagesChoices: The Journey of Life The story of Gilgamesh expresses the idea that all of the life choices we make throughout this journey are ours and ours alone. It is through these choices that determines how we live our lives from day-to-day. It is within the beginning of this story that one is introduced to the life choices of Gilgamesh. He is the King of Uruk-a ruler full of vanity, selfishness, and materialism. His arrogance has no bounds by day or night. Every choice that he makes is basedRead MoreChoices with Regard to the Process of Consumption1657 Words   |  7 PagesConsumer choice refers to the decisions consumers make when considering the products and services they want to purchase. Presently, in this post-industrial society, many analysts believe that social strata in many parts of the world have led to the emergence of â€Å"consumer society† (Smart, B 2014). Reasons for this are because individuals are being portrayed as having a wide range of choice as they are being presented with a wide range of products and services. As Ellis at al. (2012) notes, privatizationRead MoreLife Is Made Up Of Choices1404 Words   |  6 Pagesis choices. Life is made up of choices. I believe life is just a series of decisions we make, and depending on our choice, must live with the result of that decision. The choices usually consist of a multitude of possibilities and, whether real or imagined, we must recognize that in some way the decision will change our life forever. Therein lies the rub. Because there are so many factors involved with our decision-making and with its unknown result, many of us hesitate to even make a choice, thinking

High School Drug Abuse What Do You Do Essay Example For Students

High School Drug Abuse: What Do You Do? Essay According to a study conducted by the University of Michigans Institute for Social Research, among the graduating class of 1997, 54.3 percent of students had used an illicit drug by the time they reached their senior year of high school: a dramatic increase from the once 40.7 percent in 1992. The study also reported an increase among high school seniors from 27.1 percent in 1992 to 42.4 percent in 1997, that had used an illicit drug in that past year. There was also an increase from 14.4 percent (1992) to 26.2 percent (1997) of use in the past month. And due to the addictive nature of drugs, many of these young students will continue using them throughout their life. What do you do then? Many schools are implementing drug testing programs, which have been proven to successfully decrease the amount of drug abuse that occurs in schools. High School drug testing has become a very controversial topic in many communities across the nation. Many students and parents are arguing that drug testing is a violation of the rights of a US citizen as designated in the 4th amendment of the Constitution. But, in the Supreme Court case of Vernonia School District v. Wayne Acton, it was ruled constitutional. They also argue that it is unethical, and sending the wrong message to students. One parent said, as stated in an article in the Seattle Times, Kids who experiment and are caught, theyre going to be banned from extracurricular activities. And their choice is probably going to be to party more. They wont have the other outlets that are an alternative to drugs. First, for the programs that have been used in schools, it has been common for a third offense to be necessary before completely banning the student from extracurricular activities. But, if a student who participates in those activities, is caught using drugs, then it obviously wasnt an alternative to drug use. In addition to that, most communities have programs for teenagers to participate in to keep them away from those types of things, and even help them quit. Other arguments are over legal issues. In the 4th amendment to the Constitution it states the Federal Government shall not violate the right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures. In the Vernonia case, the measure of constitutionality depended upon the reasonableness of the search; high school drug testing among student athletes was considered reasonable. One could still argue that by having an athletic policy that requires refraining from drug use could be unconstitutional as well. But where the law prohibits the use of illicit drugs by anyone, and when you take into consideration the rights of others that would be affected, having such a policy is the only way to protect the students who participate. Those school districts that have already implemented a drug testing program have found that it works. Constitutionality of Same Sex Marriage Essay Burlington-Edison High School of Skagit County, Washington, implemented a drug testing program very similar to that of the Vernonia School District. And after the first year of drug testing, about 25 students had been caught. Since that first year, the overall drug use has decreased, calling for a reduction in drug testing. The system that these schools used was very professional and kept confidential to protect the identities of the students from outside .